Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Perspektif Liberalisme

Abstract

This paper discusses Human Rights (HAM) from a liberal perspective, both at the international level and in the context of the values embraced by the Indonesian people. Liberalism, as an ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, is closely related to the principles of human rights that are natural, universal, and inalienable. At the international level, these principles are accommodated through the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and reinforced by the legally binding International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, the universal application of human rights often gives rise to debates between universalism and cultural relativism, especially in countries that view Western liberal values as incompatible with local contexts. In the Indonesian context, the 1945 Constitution, Pancasila, and Law Number 39 of 1999 accommodate human rights values that align with the principles of liberalism, such as freedom of religion, association, and expression, while still being adapted to national culture, principles, and norms. This study shows that although human rights values are rooted in liberalism, their implementation requires adaptation to the socio-cultural conditions of each country so that the principle of individual freedom can be aligned with collective interests.